Code of conduct for Management Accountants

Practitioners of management accounting and financial management have an obligation to the public, their profession, the organization they serve, and themselves, to maintain the highest standards of ethical conduct. In recognition of this obligation, the Institute of management Accountants has promulgated the following standards of ethical conduct for practitioners of management accounting and financial management. Adherence to these standards internationally is integral to achieving objective of management accounting.

Competence

Practitioners of management accounting and financial management have a responsibility to:

* Maintain an appropriate level of professional competence by ongoing development of their knowledge and skills.
* Perform their professional duties in accordance with relevant laws, regulations and technical standards.
* Prepare complete and clear reports and recommendations after appropriate analysis of relevant and reliable information

Confidentiality:

Practitioners of management accounting and financial management have a responsibility to:

* Refrain from disclosing confidential information acquired in the course of their work except when authorized, unless legally obligated to do so.
* Inform subordinates as appropriate regarding the confidentiality of information acquired in the course of their work and monitor their activities to assure the maintenance of that confidentiality
* Refrain from using or appearing to use confidential information acquired in the course of their work for unethical or illegal advantage either personally or through third parties.

Integrity

Practitioners of management accounting and financial management have a responsibility to:

* Avoid actual or apparent conflicts of interest and advise all appropriate parties of any potential conflict.
* Refrain from engaging in any activity that would prejudice their ability to carry out their duties ethically.
* Refuse any gift, favor, or hospitality that would influence or would appear to influence their actions.
* Refrain from either activity or passively subverting the attainment of the organization's legitimate and ethical objectives.
* Recognize and and communicate professional limitations or other constraints that would preclude responsible judgment or successful performance of an activity.
* Communicate unfavorable as well as favorable information and professional judgment or opinion.
* Refrain from engaging or supporting any activity that would discredit the profession.

Objectivity:

Practitioners of management accounting and financial management have a responsibility to:

* Communicate information fairly and objectively
* Disclose fully all relevant information that could reasonably be expected to influence an intended user's understanding of the reports, comments, and recommendations presented.

Practitioners may encounters conflict in applying the above ethics, resolutions are suggested here.

Resources:
Managerial Accounting Articles
Managerial Accounting, Ray H. Garrison Eric W. Noreen
Cost Accounting, Adolph Matz Milton F. Usrey
Advanced Financial Accounting M. A. Ghani
http://www.accountingformanagement.com/
Read more!

Resolution of Ethical Conflicts

In applying the standards of ethical conduct, practitioners of management accounting and financial management may encounter problems in identifying unethical behavior or in resolving an ethical conflict. When faced with significant ethical issues practitioners of management accounting and financial management should follow the established policies of the organization bearing on the resolution of such conflict. If these policies do not resolve the ethical conflict, such practitioner should consider the following course of action.

# Discuss such problems with immediate superior except when it appears that superior is involved, in which case the problem should be presented to the next higher managerial level. If a satisfactory resolution cannot be achieved when the problem is initially presented, submit the issue to the next higher managerial level.
# If the immediate superior is the chief executive officer or equivalent, the acceptable reviewing authority may be a group such as the audit committee, executive committee, board of directors, board of trustees, or owners. Contact with a level above the immediate superior should be initiated only with the superior's knowledge. assuming the superior is not involved. Except where legally prescribed, communication of such problems to authorities or individuals not employed or engaged by the organization is not considered appropriate.
# Clarify relevant ethical issues by confidential discussion with an objective adviser to obtain a better understanding of possible course of action
# Consult your own attorney as to legal obligations and rights concerning the ethical conflict.
# If the ethical conflict still exists after exhausting all levels of internal review, there may be no other recourse on significant matters than to resign from the organization and to submit an informative memorandum to an appropriate representative of the organization. After resignation, depending on the nature of the ethical conflict, it may also be appropriate to notify other parties.
Resources:
Managerial Accounting Articles
Managerial Accounting, Ray H. Garrison Eric W. Noreen
Cost Accounting, Adolph Matz Milton F. Usrey
Advanced Financial Accounting M. A. Ghani
http://www.accountingformanagement.com/
Read more!

Principles of Islamic Financial System

Islamic finance may be viewed as a form of ethical investment, or ethical lending and is prohibiting interest charging whether it is "nominal" or "excessive," simple or compound, fixed or floating. Islamic financing is an ethical and equitable mode of financial services that derives its principles from the Shariah (Islamic law). The Shariah is based on the Quran and the Hadits of the Prophet Muhammad (Peace be upon him), and it governs all aspects of personal and collective life. Its practitioners and clients need not be Muslim, but they must accept the ethical restrictions underscored by Islamic values. Islamic unit trusts would never invest in companies involved in gambling or any food which is considered as Haram such as alcoholic beverages, or porcine food products. Other elements include the emphasis on equitable contracts, the linking of finance to productivity, the desirability of profit sharing, and the prohibition of gambling and certain types of uncertainty.

The basic principles of an Islamic financial system can be summarized as follows:

It is not allowed to charge interest. Interest is defined as money earned on the lending out of money. Prohibition of riba, a term literally meaning "an excess" and interpreted as "any unjustifiable increase of capital whether in loans or sales" is the central tenet of the financial system. Any positive, fixed, predetermined rate tied to the maturity and the amount of principal (i.e., guaranteed regardless of the performance of the investment) is considered riba and is not allowed. The general consensus among Islamic scholars is that riba covers not only usury but also the charging of "interest" as widely practiced.

This prohibition is based on arguments of social justice, equality, and property rights. Islam encourages the earning of profits but forbids the charging of interest because profits. It is symbolized by successful entrepreneurship and creation of additional wealth. Whereas interest is a cost that is accrued irrespective of the outcome of business operations and may not create wealth if the business are losses. Social justice demands that borrowers and lenders share rewards as well as losses in an equitable fashion and that the process of wealth accumulation and distribution in the economy be fair and representative of true productivity.
It is promoting Risk sharing. Because interest is prohibited, suppliers of funds become investors instead of creditors. The provider of financial capital and the entrepreneur share business risks in return for shares of the profits.

Money is considered as "potential" capital. Money is treated as "potential" capital--that is, it becomes actual capital only when it joins hands with other resources to undertake a productive activity. Islam recognizes the time value of money, but only when it acts as capital, not when it is "potential" capital. Money in Islam is not regarded as an asset from which it is ethically permissible to earn a direct return. Money tends to be viewed purely as a medium of exchange. In order for a Shariah-compliant financier to earn a return on his money, it is necessary to obtain an equity, or ownership, interest in a non-monetary asset. Hence, there is no real 'lending' in Islam since all 'lenders' obtain ownership interests in the assets that they finance, or earn purely fee-based remuneration. Conventional loans therefore tend to be re-cast as sale-and-purchase or lease-then-buy transactions.

Speculative behavior is prohibited. An Islamic financial system discourages hoarding and prohibits transactions featuring extreme uncertainties, gambling, and risks. Speculative transaction is called Gharar in Islam, means an excessive, speculative uncertainty, as in casino-gambling games or in a sale of goods in a situation where the seller offers his goods for sale without a proper description to the buyer, hence making it impossible to ascertain precisely what the buyer is paying for. In such a situation the sale and purchase contract would be void in Islam. In financial markets, investing in stocks and equity funds is permitted but must conform to certain guidelines. Undesirable companies and industries are screened out on the basis of both qualitative criteria (nature of business) and quantitative criteria (level of involvement with interest). Islamic investment also discourages speculation and prohibits short selling, conventional debt instruments and conventional derivatives.

Islam upholds Sanctity of contracts. Islam upholds contractual obligations and the disclosure of information as a sacred duty. This feature is intended to reduce the risk of asymmetric information and moral hazard. In addition to this, Islam are opposing zalim, meaning oppression or excessive unfairness between the parties to the contract. Read more!

Rukn (Pillars) of Mudharabah

Mudharabah is cooperation between an investor who gives fund/ capital to a party who will manage the fund/ capital for trading. Mudharabah has three rukn (pillars).
First, there are two or more parties; they are investor, and care taker/ organizer.
Second, object of the cooperation, this included fund/ capital, business and profit.
Third, saying the agreement orally (sighat).

The first pillar, two or more parties should involve in the cooperation, they are the investor and the care taker or organizer. All parties should have competencies required (jaiz al tasharruf), meaning that all parties are mature enough (baligh), have normal sense (not idiot), rasyid (normal) and are allowed to make transaction to their wealth.


The second pillar, object of cooperation included fund/ capital, type of business and profit.
a. Fund/ Capital
The requirements of capital are as follows:
1. Fund/ Capital should be in the form of monetary exchange (al naqd). The base is Ijma, or goods in which the value is determined before the transaction.
2. Fund/ Capital which is given should be known clearly.
3. Fund/ Capital which is given should be determined before the transaction.
4. Fund/ Capital which is given should be received by the care taker/ organizer directly, and he can make transaction with it.

So in Mudharabah, capital should be known, and given to care taker (mudharib), also it should be in monetary value like gold, silver or a common monetary exchange. It should not be in form of goods, unless the value of the goods is calculated based on value of money at the time the transaction taken place, so the value of the goods become the capital of Mudharabah.

It is important to have clarity of total value of the capital to determine the profit sharing. If the capital are in form of goods and are not clear at the time of transaction, the value of the goods may changes as the time goes by and it may lead to dispute at the time of profit sharing.

b. Type of business
The requirements for type of business are as follows:
1. It is in trading sector.
2. It is not putting the care taker/ organizer in difficult position, example the capital should be used to trade on very expensive jewelry or diamond which is very rare and difficult to trade.
3. It is not prohibited by Shariah like alcoholic beverage or pork.
4. There is a time limit or time frame of the investment.

c. Profit
The purpose of any work is to get profit. In Mudharabah the requirement of profit are as follows: 1. Profit is only for the parties who joined the cooperation. It is not allowed to share the profit with the party who are not involving in the cooperation.
2. Profit sharing is for both parties, it is not allowed to give the profit only for one party.
3. It is required to have the clarity of the profit.
4. It is required to define the percentage of profit sharing for the investor and the care taker/ organizer.

While at the time of sharing the profit, we need to see the following:
1. Profit sharing is done based on the agreement by both parties, but the investor need to bear all the loss.
2. The care taker/ organizer should define his part from the profit sharing. If both parties are not defining it, then the care taker/ organizer should receive salary, and the profit will become the right of the investor.
3. The care taker/ organizer should not receive his part from the profit sharing before he hand over the whole fund/ capital to the investor. If there is any profit and loss at the same time, the loss should be covered from the profit. It’s mean that the profit is defined from the excess of the initial fund/ capital.
4. Profit can be shared at the middle of the cooperation as long as it is agreed by both parties.
5. Profit sharing should be done after final calculation has been done for the cooperation.
There are two applications for final calculation:
- To do the final calculation at the end of the cooperation, so the investor can withdraw the fund/ capital and ends the cooperation.
- Finish cleansing toward the profit calculation. This is done by cashing all the assets and calculates the value. At this time the investor is allowed to withdraw the capital. He is also allowed to re-invest the capital with the new contract/ agreement. The contract cannot be rolled over without making new contract.


The third pillar, saying the agreement orally (sighat the transaction).
Sighat is saying the transaction by both parties who join the cooperation. It shows the expression and desire of doing the cooperation. The Mudharabah transaction is considered valid by saying the desire of doing the cooperation and by doing the transaction.

More explanation about this topic can be found here.
Read more!

Efficient Market Hypothesis

The efficient-market hypothesis (EMH) infer that financial markets are "informationally efficient", or that prices on traded assets, e.g., stocks, bonds, or property, already reflect all known information. The efficient-market hypothesis states that it is impossible to consistently outperform the market by using any information that the market already knows, except through luck. Information or news in the EMH is defined as anything that may affect prices that is unknowable in the present and thus appears randomly in the future. The EMH was developed by Professor Eugene Fama at the University of Chicago Graduate School of Business.

Thus, according to the EMH, no investor has an advantage in predicting a return on a stock price because no one has access to information which is not already available to everyone else.

There are three common forms in which the efficient-market hypothesis is commonly stated:

Weak-form efficiency
* Excess returns cannot be earned by using investment strategies based on historical share prices.
* Technical analysis techniques will not be able to consistently produce excess returns, though some forms of fundamental analysis may still provide excess returns.
* Share prices exhibit no serial dependencies, (there are no "patterns" to asset prices). This implies that future price movements are determined entirely by unexpected information and therefore are random.

Semi-strong-form efficiency
* Share prices adjust to publicly available new information very rapidly and in an unbiased fashion, such that no excess returns can be earned by trading on that information.
* Neither fundamental analysis nor technical analysis techniques will be able to reliably produce excess returns.
* To test for semi-strong-form efficiency, the adjustments to previously unknown news must be of a reasonable size and must be instantaneous. To test for this, consistent upward or downward adjustments after the initial change must be looked for. If there are any such adjustments it would suggest that investors had interpreted the information in a biased fashion and hence in an inefficient manner.

Strong-form efficiency
* Share prices reflect all information, public and private, and no one can earn excess returns.
* If there are legal barriers to private information becoming public, as with insider trading laws, strong-form efficiency is impossible, except in the case where the laws are universally ignored.
* To test for strong-form efficiency, a market needs to exist where investors cannot consistently earn excess returns over a long period of time. Even if some money managers are consistently observed to beat the market, no argument even of strong-form efficiency follows: with hundreds of thousands of fund managers worldwide, even a normal distribution of returns (as efficiency predicts) should be expected to produce a few dozen "star" performers.

The nature of information does not have to be limited to financial news and research alone; indeed, information about political, economic and social events, combined with how investors perceive such information, whether true or rumored, will be reflected in the stock price. According to EMH, as prices respond only to information available in the market, and, because all market participants are privy to the same information, no one will have the ability to out-profit anyone else.

In efficient markets, prices become not predictable but random, so no investment pattern can be discerned. So, a planned approach to investment cannot be successful.

In the real world of investment, however, there are obvious arguments against the EMH. There are investors who have beaten the market - Warren Buffett, whose investment strategy focuses on undervalued stocks, made millions and set an example for numerous followers. There are portfolio managers who have better track records than others, and there are investment houses with more renowned research analysis than others.... Read more!

Defining goals

Before deciding on an investment decision, we need to know our investment goals.
Below are three categories to help us deciding what kind of assets we are going to acquire for our investment especially in stock market. Each implies a different level of risk.

- Capital appreciation. Our primary goal is to grow the value of the portfolio. The best capital appreciation prospects are usually the most volatile, and hence, the riskiest stocks.

- Balance of capital appreciation and capital preservation. We want to grow the capital but without undue risk.

- Capital preservation: You want to achieve reasonable returns but priority No. 1 is preserving your existing capital. This is the lowest risk category.

Pick portfolio objectives with risk tolerance in mind. If we're likely to lose sleep when one of our stocks drops 10%, avoid the pure capital appreciation portfolios. Conversely, these portfolios might be our bag and craving excitement and want something to talk about with friends and co-workers. Some investors put their "serious" money into low-risk portfolios, but allocate a small amount of "fun" money for speculative portfolios.


Do you have the time?
Some portfolios require monitoring on a daily basis, while others require only occasional checks. Here are a specification of time commitment for each portfolio:

• High. Check on stocks daily, or at least, weekly.
• Medium. Check on stocks weekly or, at a minimum, monthly.
• Low. Check on portfolio only occasionally.

Spread your bets
Spreading the risk by acquiring stocks through diversification.

With only a few stocks, one bad performing stock will banish our returns. At a minimum, each portfolio should contain at least 10 stocks, and 15 would be better.

Whether that's practical depends on how much we're planning to invest.

Momentum Stock
Capital Appreciation (Time Commitment: High)

Momentum-stock selection strategies are the favorites of hedge-fund managers and other pros because they're effective at spotting growth stocks likely to move up fast. Two common characteristics in momentum strategy: They require stocks with a combination of strong price charts and strong recent earnings growth.
This particular stock are profitable small companies that have outperformed most stocks over the past year and are trading near their 52-week highs. They must have recorded at least 18% year-on-year earnings growth in their last quarter and have some institutional ownership.
Because these are "hot" stocks, you must watch them closely, preferably, daily. Sell any stock that falls 10% or more from its recent high.

Growth stocks
Capital Appreciation (Time Commitment: Medium)

This stock looks for reasonably priced stocks that have recorded moderate sales and earnings growth over the past five years. It is not as volatile and doesn't need to be watched as closely as the Momentum stocks. Buy it and plan to hold for one year. Until then, sell only stocks that have been acquired by another company or become involved in major ongoing scandals.

Dogs
Balanced (Time Commitment: low)

The Dogs is a contrarian, are likely to overcome problems that are currently pressuring their share prices.
The analysis are based on market capitalization (recent share price multiplied by number of shares outstanding). The dogs strategy screened for stocks that have market big caps, but the price drops over the past 12 months. The strategy involves picking the 10 worst performers from that list. Buy it and hold for one year. Then repeat the process. Do not sell any stocks during the year unless they are acquired by another company.

Boring dividends
Capital Preservation (Time Commitment: low)

Reduced expectations generally drive share prices down. This strategy pinpoints stocks with already-low expectations. They're only expected to grow earnings around 10% to 15% annually, which is too low to interest most growth investors. They pay dividends equating to 2.25% to 5% yields, which is too low to attract dividend yield chasers. The fact that they've grown dividends at least 5%, on average, annually over the past five years doesn't impress many. Buy it and hold for one year.

Please remember these techniques are not putting into account of the economic turbulence, political situation and so on and may not applicable in all the situation..... Read more!

Building a Stock Portfolio To Meet The Investment Goals

When it comes to building a stock portfolio, it is very important to understand the investment goal, and considering how much time is devoted to do the monitoring, the amount of money you have (as suppose to suffer financially if thing goes against yours positions) and how much risk ones are willing to take when investing in the stock market. These two later is similar, just want to emphasize it rather to regret it.

There are many vehicles to do an investments: time deposit, bond, real assets investments, stock, forex trading etc. Stock investments as one of the investment vehicle can help your investment portfolio by providing potential growth, income from dividends or a combination of the two, which is known as return.

However, the value of stocks can fluctuate, and when you sell your stock, it may be worth more or less than you originally paid. When building a stock portfolio, you should carefully consider the risks of investing in the stock market and develop a diversified asset allocation strategy that fits your goals, investing time frame and risk tolerance.

Diversifying stock portfolio is a way to help offset the risk in the stock investments. The goal is to spread out stock investments in different sectors and include different investment characteristics so that when a stock or sector performs poorly, the performance of your stock investments in other sectors may help offset the swings in the total value of your stock portfolio.


Following are some basic tips which can be used to make the diversification:

• Invest in approximately 20 to 30 stocks in at least six to eight sectors with different investment characteristics.
• No more than 25% of the total value of your stock portfolio should be in any one sector.
• No more than 15% of the total value of your stock portfolio should be in any one stock.
• You should invest a minimum of approximately 3% to 4% of the total value of your stock portfolio in each stock.

Deciding which stocks to invest can be difficult, especially if the tolerance for risk is too low or the money which are allocated for stock investment are too low. That's why it's important to develop an asset allocation strategy, research stocks that fit within your strategy and invest in stocks that have the potential to meet your specific goals, whether you want growth, income or a combination of the two. In this points, the "do-it yourself investor" need to make a research to find the best stock for his/ her own portfolio. There are plenty of resources in the internet to learn, the suggestion is do not rush, take it slowly, if the money to invest is too low do not push it, wait till the amount is enough to make a good diversification.... Read more!

Chickenpox

Chickenpox is a common illness among kids, particularly those under age 12. An itchy rash of spots that look like blisters can appear all over the body and may be accompanied by flu-like symptoms. Symptoms usually go away without treatment. This is a very communicable disease and a member of the herpes virus family which only infects people. Chickenpox may typically develop two to three weeks after contact. Most children have chickenpox at some stage. The immune system makes antibodies during the infection. These fight the virus and then provide lifelong immunity. A person who has caught chickenpox is very rarely can catch it again.

Vaccination

The best way to protect children from chickenpox is to have them vaccinated. If your child is not yet vaccinated and comes in contact with another child who has chickenpox, he may still be protected if he is vaccinated right away. If one of your children has chickenpox, it will probably spread to other members of the household who are not already immune. If someone else catches the infection, it will appear two to three weeks after the first family member got it. Vaccination can be done usually between the ages of 12 to 15 months. It is also recommended a booster shot at 4 to 6 years old for further protection, people 13 years of age and older who have never had chickenpox or received chickenpox vaccine get two doses of the vaccine at least 28 days apart. Older children and adults who have previously had chickenpox do not need to be vaccinated. Contact your doctor or local health department for further information about the chickenpox vaccine.

The vaccine is about 70% to 85% effective at preventing mild infection, and more than 95% effective in preventing moderate to severe forms of the infection. Healthy children who have had chickenpox do not need the vaccine — they usually have lifelong protection against the illness. Although the vaccine works pretty well, some kids who are immunized still will get chickenpox with much milder symptoms than those who haven't had the vaccine and become infected.

The symptoms

The incubation period (from exposure to onset of symptoms) is 14 to 24 days. Chickenpox begins with a fever, followed in a day or two by a rash that can be very itchy. Dry cough and sore throat are also common. The rash starts with red spots that soon turn into fluid-filled blisters. Some people have only a few blisters. Others can have as many as 500. These blisters dry and form scabs in 4 or 5 days. The rash usually appears first on the abdomen or back and face, and then spreads to almost everywhere else on the body, including the scalp, mouth, nose, ears, and genitals. The rash begins as multiple small, red bumps that look like pimples or insect bites. They develop into thin-walled blisters filled with clear fluid, which becomes cloudy. The blister wall breaks, leaving open sores, which finally crust over to become dry, brown scabs. Chickenpox blisters are usually less than a quarter of an inch wide, a reddish base, and appear in about 2 to 4 days. Typically, chickenpox is a mild illness, but can affect some infants, teens, adults, and people with weak immune systems more severely.

A person usually has only one episode of chickenpox, but this virus can lie dormant within the body and cause a different type of skin eruption later in life called shingles (or herpes zoster). Getting the chickenpox vaccine significantly lowers your child's chances of getting chickenpox, but he or she may still develop shingles later.


Contagiousness

Chickenpox is very contagious — most kids with a sibling who's been infected will get it as well, showing symptoms about 2 weeks after the first child does. To help keep the virus from spreading, make sure your kids wash their hands frequently, particularly before eating and after using the bathroom. And keep a child with chickenpox away from unvaccinated siblings as much as possible. People who haven't had chickenpox also can catch it from someone with shingles, but they cannot catch shingles itself. That's because shingles can only develop from a reactivation of VZV in someone who has previously had chickenpox.

Chickenpox is contagious from about 2 days before the rash appears and lasts until all the blisters are crusted over. Chickenpox is transmitted to others by direct person-to-person contact with the virus, by droplet or airborne spread of discharges from an infected person's nose and throat or indirectly by contact with articles freshly soiled by discharges from the infected person's lesions. The virus enters the body by the nose or mouth. It can also spread through the air, if you are near someone with chickenpox who is coughing or sneezing. A pregnant woman with chickenpox can pass it on to her baby before birth. Mothers with chickenpox can also give it to their newborn babies after birth. The virus travels in the air and then settles on clothes, bedding, etc. A child with chickenpox is likely to pass it on to most classmates and household members who have not already had it. It takes 14 to 24 days to develop symptoms after catching the virus (known as the 'incubation period'). A child with chickenpox should be kept out of school until all blisters have dried, usually about 1 week. If you're unsure about whether your child is ready to return to school, ask your doctor.

The only way to stop the spread of the virus from person to person is to prevent infected people from sharing the same room or house, which isn't practical. Chickenpox cannot be spread through indirect contact. A person with chickenpox is infectious from 2-4 days before the rash first appears until all the spots have crusted over (commonly about 5-6 days after onset of the illness).

Treating Chickenpox

The antiviral medicine acyclovir may be prescribed for people with chickenpox who are at risk for complications. The drug, which can make the infection less severe, must be given within the first 24 hours after the rash appears. Acyclovir can have significant side effects, so it is only given when necessary. Your doctor can tell you if the medication is right for your child. However, because chickenpox tends to be mild in healthy children, most physicians do not feel that it is necessary to prescribe acyclovir. One important note is that do not give aspirin [acetylsalicylic acid (ASA)] or any products that contain aspirin. Taking aspirin increases the risk of getting Reye's syndrome, which can damage the liver and brain. Taking good care of the skin and not itching may prevent infections that can be caused by bacteria that get into the skin. Your doctor may recommend a cream to help reduce the itch.

Give pain-relieving syrup and plenty of fluids. Calamine lotion and antihistamine medicines may relieve the itching. Keep your child's hands clean and their fingernails short. Try to discourage them from scratching the spots, as they can scar. Give plenty to drink to avoid dehydration. Give paracetamol or ibuprofen to ease fever, headaches, and aches and pains. Crotamiton lotion or cream put on the spots may ease itching. Antihistamine tablets or liquid medicine may help with sleep if itch is a problem. Give a dose at bedtime. You can buy these at pharmacies or get them on prescription.

Here are some tips on treating chickenpox: using cool wet compresses or giving baths in cool or lukewarm water every 3 to 4 hours for the first few days. Oatmeal baths, available at the supermarket or pharmacy, can help to relieve itching. (Baths do not spread chickenpox.) Patting (not rubbing) the body dry. Putting calamine lotion on itchy areas (but don't use it on the face, especially near the eyes).
Give your child foods that are cold, soft, and bland because chickenpox in the mouth may make drinking or eating difficult. Avoid feeding your child anything highly acidic or especially salty, like orange juice or pretzels. Ask your doctor or pharmacist about pain-relieving creams to apply to sores in the genital area. Give your child acetaminophen regularly to help relieve pain if your child has mouth blisters. Ask the doctor about using over-the-counter medication for itching.
Talk to your doctor if you're unsure of the diagnosis or if your child seems particularly unwell, have a cough, headache, if the skin is particularly inflamed or infected, or there are other worrying symptoms. For young babies or children with immunity problems, always seek medical advice.

Note: All information on this site is for educational purposes only. For specific medical advice, diagnoses, and treatment, consult your doctor.
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Employee Relations Program

In todays business, employees are free to vote and place their valuable talent to those companies who offer them the best opportunity to growth and appropriate rewards for their critical contributions. The burden will be on companies to attract and retain the workers they need. Companies need to review their program to retain their best talent. Job satisfaction are not only on the salary but also on the recognition and open communication by the managers to the employee.
Many companies perceive that it is time to give increased attention to work force issues, as a way to help address business-driven changes. Remember that “if you take care of your employees, they will take care of your customers". Employee-focused activities will remain important functional services and areas of expertise, responsibility for the process should be shared with managers. Because the issues addressed are people-related business issues, the process is more effectively integrated with the business. To be successful to maintain the employee relation, line managers can do the following:
- Communicating the urgency for change and implications for employees with regards to the business vision, mission, and strategy

- Clarifying the values that define the company's culture

- Addressing issues relating to labor relations, equal opportunity, legal compliance, sexual harassment, and fair practice

- Achieving and managing diversity in the work force

- Addressing work force issues such as work-family, workplace, health and wellness, dispute resolution/employee advocacy, policy application

These may seem disparate topics, but they all impact employee retention, trust, and the perception that the company is a great place to work. Read more!

Integrating HR Functions with Management Functions

Managing people was a line management responsibility long before HR staff functions are created. Managers generally acknowledge responsibility for managing their people. Yet human resource staffs have taken on more and more functions in support of managers over the decades, including employee relations, sourcing and screening talent, handling performance problems including terminations, and career development.
With increased support, it often come a sense of ownership of functions, with managers and employees as customers. This perception has made the HR functions separated from the businesses. HR staffs should be considered partners in serving those people who bring revenues into the company. Accordingly, a primary emphasis of the function should be to work with managers to build and implement effective processes for staffing, learning, performance and rewards, employee relations, and achieving needed organizational change. In many companies, people management processes are being similarly redesigned to match the new flexible, horizontal, organization paradigm. The emerging changes represent integration of the human resource function with the business through improved alignment of practices with needs.
The process of integrating HR Functions with Management Functions including: redesigning Human Resource Processes, analyzing Performance and Rewards, staffing, training and development, managing organizational changes, and employee relations. Read more!

Hiring For the Organization

Diverse firms are hiring employees to fit the characteristics of the organization, not just the requirements of a particular position. This approach is building cultures that rely heavily on self-motivated, committed people for corporate success. The new selection model is most effective when used by organizations that allow employees enough freedom to use their unique attributes to influence job performance. Many companies who have implemented this new selection model are adopting unusual hiring practices to find employees who fit the organization. They are willing to invest substantial resources to assess person-organization fit. These organizations share a set of management assumptions about organizational success. Each is attempting to build a distinctive culture that is intentionally "fragile”, meaning that management relies heavily on self-motivated, committed people for system effectiveness. All of these companies rely to an unusual degree on employees to make the system work effectively. They use sophisticated selection systems to hire the whole person whose skills and personality fit the type of organization, not just a job.

Traditional Selection Model
1.Hire employees whose knowledge, skills, and abilities (KSAs) provide the greatest fit with the requirements of specific jobs
2.Rarely consider characteristics of the organization in which the jobs reside
3.Ignore characteristics of the person that are irrelevant to immediate job requirements
4.In common management parlance, the organization hires new "hands" or new "heads" that is, parts of people i/o the person as a “whole”
5.Managers tend to of individual job performance as the key outcome of the hiring process
6.Job performance is a function of the fit between KSAs and task demands.
7.The traditional selection model is more concerned with finding new employees than to retain them.
8.Less attention to whole person finds the organization's culture satisfying enough to stay

New Selection Model
1.Geared toward hiring a "whole" person who will fit well into the specific organization's culture
2.It reflects a fundamental reorientation of the selection process toward hiring "people," not just KSAs; for "organizations," not just jobs
3.This leads to hiring practices that seem peculiar, and needlessly extravagant, from a traditional human resource standpoint Read more!

How to Succeed in Business: Listen!

I am very outgoing and love to talk, and my friends have told me that there are times when it seems I'm not really hearing what other people are trying to say.

Nobody ever listened his way out of a job. Listening is a vital skill in any field. Here are some tips to better listening.

1. Ask pertinent questions, Questions are the hallmark of a good listener.

2. Practice empathic listening. Quoting Stephen Covey's observation that "most people do not listen with the intent to understand; they listen with the intent to reply."

3. Listen with more than just your ears. body language shows whether you really interest in others or not. Nodding occasionally, making eye contact, taking notes, and being fully engaged all demonstrate genuine concern for the person you're speaking with. Watch his or her facial expressions, eye contact, and hand gestures" to pick up on unspoken messages.

4. Share personal stories. Telling a short anecdote about something from your own life that's relevant to the discussion helps to break the ice, and makes you seem "more approachable and down-to-earth.

5. Don't interrupt, let people finish what they're saying before you pipe up.


6. Pause before you reply.

7. Eliminate distractions. Don't try to discuss an important subject while either you or the other person is distracted by other tasks. Suggest setting another time to talk, when both of you can concentrate on the topic at hand.

8. Don't give unsolicited advice. don't give advise if you are not asked to give advise.
Read more!

The role of markets in global economic system

In most economies around the world, markets carry out the complex task of allocating resources and producing goods and services.
The marketplace determines what goods and services will be produced and in what quantities through their prices.
Markets also distribute income by rewarding superior producers with increase profits, higher wages and other economic benefits.

Types of markets

There are three types of markets:
The factor markets allocate the factors of production to the owners of productive resources.
The product markets are where the consumers after getting income from factor markets are purchasing goods and services.
The financial markets channel savings to those individuals and institutions needing more funds for spending than are provided by their current income.


Types of financial markets

The money market is for short-term (max one year) loans, while the capital market finances long-term investments by businesses, governments and households.
In particular, governments borrow from commercial banks in the money market, while in the capital market, insurance companies, mutual funds, security dealers, and pension funds supply the funds for businesses.
Read more!

High-Involvement Organization

High-involvement organizations are characterized by flat organizational structures with product- or customer-focused units rather than functional centers such as marketing, production and research and development. The management systems in high-involvement organizations involve participation in all aspects of the organization. Improved human resource management is an important element, and high-quality involvement by employees in those systems is necessary even though their involvement may be challenging at times. In addition, procedural justice and distributive justice are important elements in the successful implementation of high-involvement strategies.

As suggested by Edward E. Lawler III, there are four keys of involvement management: power, information, knowledge and rewards.
Power means that employees have the power to make decisions that are important to their performance and to the quality of their working lives. Power can mean a relatively low level of influence, as in providing input into decisions made by others or it can mean having final authority and accountability for decisions and their outcomes. Involvement is maximized when the highest
possible level of power is pushed down to the employees that have to carry out the decisions.

Information means data, including information on the quantity and quality of business unit output, costs, revenues, profitability, and customer reactions. A major challenge for managers developing a high-involvement work system is to create an information system that provides employees with data that is timely and relevant to their particular work process, that they can influence personally by either expending or withholding effort, and that they can understand.

Knowledge, or employee skills and abilities, can be distinguished from information, which is the data employees use to make decisions and take action. Improving employees' knowledge means a commitment to training and development. The training investments are essential in a high- involvement organization because when employees are making important workplace
decisions, it is important that they have the skills and abilities to make the right decisions.

The rewards component of the high-involvement equation means rewarding employees for expending discretionary effort to enhance organizational performance. A key element in the high-involvement equation, rewards for performance ensure that employees use their power, information and knowledge for the good of the firm. Firms with high-involvement philosophies are most likely to introduce compensation strategies that reflect that philosophy. High-involvement firms typically have team-based rewards, strategies that include variable pay programs (skill-based pay, gain sharing, employee ownership) and flexible benefits.

High-involvement organizations are most likely to occur in complex, unstable environments, with a prospector strategy (a focus on identifying and exploiting new opportunities quickly), an intensive nonroutine technology that produces ideas and a highly skilled workforce. Structures within an organization can either aid or constrain the firm's strategy. In some organizations, their implementation was either not effective or even deleterious.

Generally speaking, best practices in high-involvement management involve the optimization of job security and enrichment, empowerment and autonomy, the development of skills, open communication and less emphasis on status. These characteristics are also supported by compensation strategies that relate to employee skills/competencies and performance. High-involvement strategies are based on the premise that adoption of these practices will increase productivity and output, decrease absenteeism and turnover and generally create a better workplace culture, although this approach is not without challenges and there is no guarantee of success.
When an organization tries to make the transition from control style to a high involvement style, the managers in the organization will likely be seen as the villain who resists the new direction and fails to support the change process.

Often this occurs because the manager’s role gives little ownership over the “new way of managing”. The managers may feel that they can do little to change the management style, as they trapped within traditional system which often makes it impossible to adopt high involvement practices.

Many literatures are making the case that participative management/ high involvement management offers a competitive advantage, particularly to high technology company that face stiff international competition.
Read more!

Glaucoma, What you should know about it.

What is glaucoma?
Glaucoma is a group of diseases that can damage the eye’s optic nerve and result in vision loss and blindness. However, with early treatment, you can often protect your eyes against serious vision loss.


What is the optic nerve?
The optic nerve is a bundle of more than 1 million nerve fibers. It connects the retina to the brain. (See diagram below.) The retina is the light-sensitive tissue at the back of the eye. A healthy optic nerve is necessary for good vision.

How does open-angle glaucoma damage the optic nerve? In the front of the eye is a space called the anterior chamber. A clear fluid flows continuously in and out of the chamber and nourishes nearby tissues. The fluid leaves the chamber at the open angle where the cornea and iris meet. (See diagram below.) When the fluid reaches the angle, it flows through a spongy meshwork, like a drain, and leaves the eye. Sometimes, when the fluid reaches the angle, it passes too slowly through the meshwork drain. As the fluid builds up, the pressure inside the eye rises to a level that may damage the optic nerve. When the optic nerve is damaged from increased pressure, open-angle glaucoma—and vision loss—may result. That’s why controlling pressure inside the eye is important.

Does increased eye pressure mean that I have glaucoma?
Not necessarily. Increased eye pressure means you are at risk for glaucoma, but does not mean you have the disease. A person has glaucoma only if the optic nerve is damaged. If you have increased eye pressure but no damage to the optic nerve, you do not have glaucoma. However, you are at risk. Follow the advice of your eye care professional.

Can I develop glaucoma if I have increased eye pressure?
Not necessarily. Not every person with increased eye pressure will develop glaucoma. Some people can tolerate higher eye pressure better than others. Also, a certain level of eye pressure may be high for one person but normal for another. Whether you develop glaucoma depends on the level of pressure your optic nerve can tolerate without being damaged. This level is different for each person. That’s why a comprehensive dilated eye exam is very important. It can help your eye care professional determine what level of eye pressure is normal for you.

Can I develop glaucoma without an increase in my eye pressure?
Yes. Glaucoma can develop without increased eye pressure. This form of glaucoma is called low-tension or normal-tension glaucoma. It is not as common as open-angle glaucoma.

Who is at risk for open-angle glaucoma?
Anyone can develop glaucoma. Some people are at higher risk than others.
They include:
• African Americans over age 40.
• Everyone over age 60, especially Mexican Americans.
• People with a family history of glaucoma.

A comprehensive dilated eye exam can reveal more risk factors, such as high eye pressure, thinness of the cornea, and abnormal optic nerve anatomy. In some people with certain combinations of these high-risk factors, medicines in the form of eyedrops reduce the risk of developing glaucoma by about half.

What are the symptoms of glaucoma?
At first, open-angle glaucoma has no symptoms. It causes no pain. Vision stays normal. As glaucoma remains untreated, people may miss objects to the side and out of the corner of their eye. Without treatment, people with glaucoma will slowly lose their peripheral (side) vision. They seem to be looking through a tunnel. Over time, straight-ahead vision may decrease until no vision remains. Glaucoma can develop in one or both eyes.

Can glaucoma be cured?
No. There is no cure for glaucoma. Vision lost from the disease cannot be restored.

Can glaucoma be treated?
Yes. Immediate treatment for early stage, open-angle glaucoma can delay progression of the disease. That’s why early diagnosis is very important.
Read more!

10 Ways to manage stress

Stress is a normal part of life and usually comes from everyday occurrences. Here are some ways you can deal with everyday sources of stress.

* Eliminate as many sources of stress as you can. For example, if crowds bother you, go to the supermarket when you know the lines won't be too long. Clear up the clutter in your life by giving away or throwing away the things that get in your way. A garage sale is one effective way to do this.
* If you are always running late, sit down with a pencil and paper and see how you are actually allotting your time. Say it takes you 40 minutes to get to work. Are you leaving your house on time? You may be able to solve your problem (and de-stress your life a bit) just by being realistic. If you can't find the time for all the activities that are important to you, maybe you are trying to do too much. Again, make a list of what you do during the day and how much each activity takes. Then cut back.
* Avoid predictably stressful situations. If a certain sport or game makes you tense (whether it's tennis or bridge), decline the invitation to play. After all, the point of these activities is to have a good time. If you know you won't, there's no reason to play.
* If you can't remove the stress, remove yourself. Slip away once in a while for some private time. These quiet moments may give you a fresh perspective on your problems. Avoid stressful people. For example, if you don't get along with your father-in-law but you don't want to make an issue of it, invite other in-laws at the same time you invite him. Having other people around will absorb some of the pressure you would normally feel.
* Competing with others, whether in accomplishments, appearance, or possessions, is an avoidable source of stress. You might know people who do all they can to provoke envy in others. While it may seem easy to say you should be satisfied with what you have, it's the truth. Stress from this kind of jealousy is self-inflicted.
* Laborsaving devices, such as cellular phones or computer hookups, often encourage us to cram too many activities into each day. Before you buy new equipment, be sure that it will really improve your life.
* Try doing only one thing at a time. For example, when you're riding your exercise bike, you don't have to listen to the radio or watch television.
* Remember, sometimes it's okay to do nothing.
* If you suffer from insomnia, headaches, recurring colds, or stomach upsets, consider whether stress is part of the problem. Being chronically angry, frustrated, or apprehensive can deplete your physical resources.
* If you feel stress (or anything else) is getting the better of you, seek professional help -- a doctor or therapist. Early signs of excess stress are loss of a sense of well-being and reluctance to get up in the morning to face another day. Read more!

Personality Plus

Personality Plus is the name of a book by Florence Littauer (ISBN 1854245090).
This article is intended to understand personality types for improved communication.

What we talk is about four key personality types. They are generalizations - which means they are never exactly right, because people seldom fit into exactly one type of personality. However, when mixing profiles the fit can be accurate.

Here are the principles in practice.

Choleric: This is the commander-type. Cholerics are dominant, strong, decisive, stubborn and even arrogant.
Melancholy: This is the mental-type. Their typical behaviour involves thinking, assessing, making lists,
evaluating the positives and negatives, and general analysis of facts.
Sanguine: This is the social-type. They enjoy fun, socializing, chatting, telling stories - and are fond of promising
the world, because that’s the friendly thing to do.
Phlegmatic: This is the flat-type. They are indifferent, unexcitable and relaxed.

None of these types is specifically positive or negative - the point is they all have their upsides and their downsides.
A Choleric is great at getting things done, but they can run rough-shod over others. They are decisive and stubborn.
A Melancholy is fantastic at planning, and making sure things happen, although sometimes they can paralyse themselves with over-analysis. Lists and "doing things the right way" are characteristics of this personality type.
A Sanguine gets on great with people and can get others excited about goals, but you can’t always rely on them to get things done. They love interacting with others and feel it is their role to keep people entertained. They have a tendency to over-promise and under-deliver.
A Phlegmatic is neutral - they tend not to actively upset people, but their indifference can really frustrate people. They try not to make decisions, and generally go for the status quo.

Understanding which personality profile (or profiles) best describes a person will help you appreciate who they are, and why they react they do. But the real skill comes in understanding the way your type interacts with their type, and taking advantage of that. This is perhaps best covered through examples:
A Choleric might get frustrated by a Phlegmatic who doesn’t seem to want to get things done now. This pairing actually works well, though, because Cholerics tend to tell people what to do, and Phlegmatics tend to do what they are told. This coupling often have relationships with each other - and what is interesting is that although the Choleric will be frustrated by the Phlegmatic’s refusal to make decisions, their own behavious is likely to make the other even less prone to make decisions!
Melancholies might make lists and work through them point by point, and get frustrated by Sanguines who tend to bounce from one idea to the next, often without completing the first.

A simplification might be that a Choleric likes it "my way", a Melancholy likes it "the right way", a Sanguine likes it "the fun way", and a Phlegmatic likes it "any way". Read more!

Secrets to managing workplace stress

You have a greater ability to shape your office environment than you may realize.

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Take breaks throughout the day. It will help clear your mind and relieve pressure. Something as simple as going to the water cooler for a drink may do the trick.
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Enroll in a noontime or an after-work exercise class. This will give you a chance to unwind and a way to relieve stress.
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To help your workday go smoothly, try pacing your activities: Do more demanding work in the morning, when your energy level is higher, and easier work later in the day, when you may be tired.
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Try listening to music recordings, such as a pounding surf or songbirds, to help you relax. Such tapes are sold commercially. Use headphones if you'll be listening to them in the middle of the workday.
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Get to work early or stay late once a week. You may be able to accomplish more when you vary your routine.

If your stress comes from job insecurity, take stock of yourself. Update your resume, and remind yourself of your skills and strengths. Also, make sure you keep up with new developments in your field. This will make you valuable to employers.

Don't let work rumors, which are usually false, cause you worry. A co-worker may just be thinking out loud about worst-case scenarios.

If your office is less structured (or if you are the boss), consider a company mascot. A cat or dog can do wonders for workers' morale. Read more!

What is CBM-Competency-based management

Competency-based management refers to the functional knowledge and behavioral skills essential for sound managerial performance. Competency-based management appeals to a wide variety of people including: organizational members assuming greater work responsibilities, supervisors advancing to higher managerial positions, team leaders dealing with a broader range of leadership roles and responsibilities, and professionals who want to become more proficient in supervising and managing functions and processes.

Competence-based Strategic Management is a relatively new way of thinking about how organizations gain high performance for a significant period of time. Established as a theory in the early 1990’s, competence-based management theory explains how organizations can develop competitive advantage in a systematic and structural way. In other words, a competent organization has the ability to structurally and systematically coordinate and commit resources for the realization of the organizations goals and objectives and the creation and distribution of customer value, in order to develop competitive advantage. For developing an integrated system of resources, management needs extraordinary analytic and appraisal skills. Furthermore, the idea behind competence-based strategic management is that the difference of the mix available resources between organizations, the speed with which resources are exploited and are develop, plus the costs which are involved, is determinative for the realization of the organizations competitive advantage. Resources are all elements, which an organization can use for the arrangement of products and bring services on the market. The resources an organization can use may be either organization-specific of organization-addressable. An organization from a competence-based perspective is seen as an open social system. Open social system is a dynamic and complex collection of elements, interacting as a structured functional entity that continuously interacts with its environment.

Five challenges play a central role in the application of competence-based strategic management in order to realize continuous value creation and distribution (strategic logic):

* Recognize market opportunities
* Define product offers that create value for customers with targeted preferences
* Attract, retain and improve the best available resources for creating and realizing product offers
* Manage uncertainties in creating and realizing product offers
* Distribute value created to providers of required resources

When managing these challenges management can choose two approaches: statically and dynamically. The focus of the static approach to competence-based management is at entirely exploiting existing resources to develop competitive advantage in the short term. In this case strategy means a maximum exploitation of the current organizational competences of the organization. Answering the three central questions from the static interpretation the central issue is to maintain the existing resources of the organization in order to develop competitive advantage.

The primary aim of the dynamic approach of the competence-based management is realizing competitive advantage by constantly improving the existing resources and obtaining new resources. In this case strategy means a fit between exploiting the available resources and obtaining and developing new resources. At answering the three central questions from the dynamic interpretation the central issue is not only to maintain the existing resources of the organization but also the replacement or modification of these resources, in order to develop competitive advantage.

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Neonatal Jaundice

Neonatal jaundice is jaundice that begins within the first few days after birth. (Jaundice that is present at the time of birth suggests a more serious cause of the jaundice.) In fact, bilirubin levels in the blood become elevated in almost all infants during the first few days following birth, and jaundice occurs in more than half. For all but a few infants, the elevation and jaundice represents a normal physiological phenomenon and does not cause problems.

A common condition in newborns, jaundice refers to the yellow color of the skin and whites of the eyes caused by excess bilirubin in the blood. Bilirubin is produced by the normal breakdown of red blood cells.


Normally bilirubin passes through the liver and is excreted as bile through the intestines. Jaundice occurs when bilirubin builds up faster than a newborn's liver can break it down and pass it from the body. Reasons for this include:


* A newborn baby's still-developing liver may not yet be able to remove adequate bilirubin from the blood.

* More bilirubin is being made than the infant's liver can handle.

* Too large an amount of bilirubin is re-absorbed from the intestines before the baby gets rid of it in the stool.


Neonatal jaundice is usually harmless, this condition is often seen in infants around the second day after birth, lasting until day 8 in normal births, or to around day 14 in premature births. Serum bilirubin normally drops to a low level without any intervention required: the jaundice is presumably a consequence of metabolic and physiological adjustments after birth. There are concerns that this condition has been rising in recent years due to inadequate detection and treatment of neonatal hyperbilirubinemia. Neonatal jaundice is a risk factor for hearing loss. High levels of bilirubin - usually above 20 mg - can cause deafness, cerebral palsy, or brain damage in some babies. In rare cases, jaundice may indicate the presence of hepatitis.


There are several types of newborn jaundice. The following are the most common:

Physiological (normal) jaundice: occurring in more than 50% of newborns, this jaundice is due to the immaturity of the baby's liver, which leads to a slow processing of bilirubin. It generally appears at 2 to 4 days of age and disappears by 1 to 2 weeks of age.

Jaundice of prematurity: this occurs frequently in premature babies since they take longer to adjust to excreting bilirubin effectively.

Breast milk jaundice: in 1% to 2% of breastfed babies, jaundice can be caused by substances produced in their mother's breast milk that can cause the bilirubin level to rise above 20 mg. These substances can prevent the excretion of bilirubin through the intestines. It starts at 4 to 7 days and normally lasts from 3 to 10 weeks.

Blood group incompatibility (Rh or ABO problems): if a baby has a different blood type than the mother, the mother might produce antibodies that destroy the infant's red blood cells. This creates a sudden buildup of bilirubin in the baby's blood. Incompatibility jaundice usually begins during the first day of life. Rh problems once caused the most severe form of jaundice, but now can be prevented with an injection of Rh immune globulin to the mother within 72 hours after delivery, which prevents her from forming antibodies that might endanger any subsequent babies.


The cause of normal, physiological jaundice is well understood. During life in the uterus, the red blood cells of the fetus contain a type of hemoglobin that is different than the hemoglobin that is present after birth. When an infant is born, the infant's body begins to rapidly destroy the red blood cells containing the fetal-type hemoglobin and replaces them with red blood cells containing the adult-type hemoglobin. This floods the liver with bilirubin derived from the fetal hemoglobin from the destroyed red blood cells. The liver in a newborn infant is not mature, and its ability to process and eliminate bilirubin is limited. As a result of both the influx of large amounts of bilirubin and the immaturity of the liver, bilirubin accumulates in the blood. Within two or three weeks, the destruction of red blood cells ends, the liver matures, and the bilirubin levels return to normal.


Jaundice usually appears around the second or third day of life. It begins at the head and progresses downward. A jaundiced baby's skin will appear yellow first on the face, followed by the chest and stomach, and finally, the legs. It can also cause the whites of an infant's eyes to appear yellow.


Since many babies are now released from the hospital at 1 or 2 days of life, parents should keep an eye on their infants to detect jaundice. A simple test for jaundice is to gently press your fingertip on the tip of your child's nose or forehead. If the skin shows white (this test works for all races) there is no jaundice; if it shows a yellowish color, you should contact your child's doctor to see if significant jaundice is present.


At the doctor's office, a small sample of your infant's blood can be tested to measure the bilirubin level. The seriousness of the jaundice will vary based on your child's age and the presence of other medical conditions.

Your child's doctor should be called immediately if jaundice is noted during the first 24 hours of life, the jaundice involves arms or legs, your baby develops a fever over 100 degrees Fahrenheit (37.8 degrees Celsius), or if your child starts to look or act sick. (In children under age 5, temperatures should be taken rectally or aurally.) Call your child's doctor if the color deepens after day 7, the jaundice is not gone after day 15, your baby is not gaining sufficient weight, or if you are concerned about the amount of jaundice in your baby's skin.


In mild or moderate levels of jaundice, by 5 to 7 days of age the baby will take care of the excess bilirubin on its own. If high levels of jaundice do not clear up, phototherapy - treatment with a special light that helps rid the body of the bilirubin by altering it or making it easier for your baby's liver to get rid of it - may be prescribed.


More frequent feedings of breast milk or formula to help infants pass the bilirubin in their stools may also be recommended. In rare cases, a blood exchange may be required to give a baby fresh blood and remove the bilirubin.

If your baby develops jaundice that lasts more than a week, your doctor may ask you to temporarily stop breastfeeding. During this time, you can pump your breasts so you can keep producing breast milk and you can start nursing again once the condition has cleared.


If the amount of bilirubin is high, your baby may be readmitted to the hospital for treatment. Once the bilirubin level drops, however, it is unlikely it will increase again. Read more!

Lunch Management

Business lunch or business dinner is a way to build relationship with client, colleague or even prospective boss (during job-interview perhaps). When we want to have a business lunch or dinner we need to know the basic niceties at this business meal.

It is okay to have fun on the business lunch, but we have to know how much fun is too much. Remember business lunches and dinners, are not about fun - they are about business.

Here are some of the tips:

1. Prepared with well-informed small talk, always be ready to have a few casual, non-business topics in mind. People enjoy giving their thoughts on things that interest them, it can be on kids or family, sports or movies.
2. You should know your client's business and current trends in the industry, do some research before coming the business meal.
3. Be careful in choosing the right restaurant, too casual may caused your client may not feel valued. Too extravagant may lead them think that you are wasteful. If you are not sure then suggest the client to choose the place.
4. Whenever possible, meet at the client's office and accompany him/ her to the restaurant.
5. Always be kind to the waiter, anyone who is nice to you but rude to their server is not a nice person.
6. Better not to order alcoholic beverage even your client/partner offering it. Alcohol can lead incorrect judgment, instead just order something light.
7. Do not talk with your mouth full. Take small bites, so that you can quickly swallow if somebody asks you a question.
8. Do not ask for a date, people in a business setting can sometimes appear extremely friendly or open - but that doesn't mean they have the interest to meet you after hours. Read more!